4/15/2023 0 Comments Threat observation program![]() ![]() The TEM framework can be used to provide training to quality assurance specialists who are responsible for evaluating facility operations as part of certification. The TEM framework can be used as guidance to inform about training requirements, helping an organisation improve the effectiveness of its training interventions, and consequently of its organisational safeguards. Subsequently the TEM framework can be a useful tool in On the-Job Training (OJT). The TEM framework can be used to inform about licensing requirements, helping clarify human performance needs, strengths and vulnerabilities, thus allowing the definition of competencies from a broader safety management perspective. As a safety analysis tool, the framework can focus on a single event, as is the case with accident/incident analysis or it can be used to understand systemic patterns within a large set of events, as is the case with operational audits. The TEM framework can be used in several ways. It is diagnostic because it allows quantifying the complexities of the operational context in relation to the description of human performance in that context, and vice-versa. It is descriptive because it captures human and system performance in the normal operational context, resulting in realistic descriptions. The framework is descriptive and diagnostic of both human and system performance. The TEM framework focuses simultaneously on the operational context and the people discharging operational duties in such a context. The TEM framework is a conceptual model that assists in understanding, from an operational perspective, the inter-relationship between safety and human performance in dynamic and challenging operational contexts. TEM as developed therefore aims to enable broad examination of the dynamic and challenging complexities of the operational context in human performance. The recognition of the influence of the operational context in human performance led to the conclusion that the study and consideration of human performance in aviation operations should not be an end in itself. This method provided a picture of the most common errors and threats, both those that were well managed and the more problematic and mismanaged. Together with the original CRM indicators (leadership, communication, and monitoring/cross-checking) the extended concept of TEM was used to identify most frequent threats. The first full scale TEM-based LOSA was conducted at Continental Airlines in 1996. This enabled trained observers to categorise the origin of, detection of and response to (if any) and outcome of each recorded error. The process was then extended to include error and its management as well as the type of error observed. The initial observation forms of the audit were designed by the University of Texas researchers to evaluate Crew Resource Management (CRM) behaviour on the flight deck. ![]() Both parties agreed that in order for the audit to be productive and show realistic and un-obscured results, confidentiality of the findings with no regulatory or organisational jeopardy to the flight crews should be guaranteed. A partnership between the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project (UT) and Delta Airlines in 1994 developed a line audit methodology utilising jump-seat observations on scheduled flights. ![]() The origin of TEM can be traced to the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) concept. ![]() Such experience fostered the recognition that past studies and, most importantly, operational consideration of human performance in aviation had largely overlooked the most important factor influencing human performance in dynamic work environments: the interaction between people and the operational context (i.e., organisational, regulatory and environmental factors) within which people discharged their operational duties. TEM was developed as a product of collective aviation industry experience. TEM is not a revolutionary concept, but one that has evolved gradually, as a consequence of the constant drive to improve the margins of safety in aviation operations through the practical integration of Human Factors knowledge. Threat and Error Management (TEM) is an overarching safety concept regarding aviation operations and human performance. Note: This article is based on the preliminary edition of Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control (ICAO). ![]()
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